Quinine, along with doxycycline, may be used if artemisinin is not available. The second medication may be either mefloquine, lumefantrine, or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. The recommended treatment for malaria is a combination of antimalarial medications that includes artemisinin. Efforts to develop more effective vaccines are ongoing.
A preprint study of another vaccine has shown 77% vaccine efficacy. As of 2020, one vaccine has been shown to reduce the risk of malaria by about 40% in children in Africa. Occasional doses of the combination medication sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine are recommended in infants and after the first trimester of pregnancy in areas with high rates of malaria. Several medications are available to prevent malaria for travellers in areas where the disease is common. The risk of disease can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets and insect repellents or with mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standing water. Methods that use the polymerase chain reaction to detect the parasite's DNA have been developed, but they are not widely used in areas where malaria is common, due to their cost and complexity. Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using blood films, or with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests. The species P. knowlesi rarely causes disease in humans. Most deaths are caused by P. falciparum, whereas P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae generally cause a milder form of malaria. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans. The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce. The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood. It is spread exclusively through bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria is caused by single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria. In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later. Symptoms usually begin 10 to 15 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Mosquito nets, insect repellent, mosquito control, medications Seizures, coma, organ failure, anemia, cerebral malaria Įxamination of the blood, antigen detection tests
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